![]() ![]() On the other hand, pneumonia, malignant pleural disease, pulmonary embolism, and gastrointestinal disease account for ~90% of exudative pleural effusions. 5 In adults, congestive heart failure and liver cirrhosis are the most common causes of transudative pleural effusions. 4 However, in exudate, the capillary beds themselves are diseased and its increased permeability results in fluid leak into the pleural space. 3 In transudate, fluid accumulates in the pleural space due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure across the intact capillary beds of pleural membranes. Pleural effusion is classically divided into transudate and exudate based on Light's criteria (Table 1). 2 In certain clinical conditions, the balance between the secretion and absorption can be disturbed and the fluid starts accumulating in the pleural space. The pleural space is normally filled with ~5 to 10 mL of serous fluid, which is secreted mainly from the parietal pleura at a rate of 0.01 mL/kg/h and absorbed through the lymphatics in the parietal pleura. ![]() 1 Pleural effusion is defined as abnormal fluid collection in the pleural space. In this article, the technical aspects of image-guided interventions, indications, expected benefits, and complications are discussed and the published literature is reviewed.Īpproximately 1.5 million patients are diagnosed with pleural effusion each year in the United States. However, as the efficacy of minimally invasive interventional procedures has been well established, image-guided small percutaneous drainage tubes have been considered as the mainstay of treatment for patients with pleural fluid collections or a lung abscess. These conditions have traditionally been managed by antibiotics or surgical placement of a large drainage tube. Pleural effusion, empyema, and lung abscess are commonly encountered clinical problems that increase mortality. A lung abscess, on the other hand, is a parenchymal necrosis with confined cavitation that results from a pulmonary infection. Empyema is defined by purulent fluid collection in the pleural space, which is most commonly caused by pneumonia. Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that is classified as transudate or exudate according to its composition and underlying pathophysiology. ![]()
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